Exploring the Interplay of Intergenerational Transmission, Structural Inequalities, and Relative Resources in Domestic Violence: Evidence From a Nationally Representative Dataset.

Domestic violence persists as a significant social challenge affecting a considerable number of women globally. Some scholars have ascribed the inclination toward domestic violence to a "cycle of violence" spanning generations, while others have pointed out structural inequalities. Feminist researchers contend that a comprehensive understanding necessitates exploration within the social and institutional realms of gender inequality. While each of these perspectives contributes significantly to comprehending domestic violence, individually, they might not unveil the complete causal narrative. This study endeavors to address this gap by proposing an integrated model to elucidate domestic violence in the context of Türkiye, examining (a) the correlation between growing up in a violent household and the susceptibility to domestic violence, (b) the interrelation between structural factors and the vulnerability to domestic violence, and (c) the connection between a woman's advantageous position in terms of the couple's relative resources and the likelihood of experiencing domestic violence. To achieve this objective, multivariate micro-level analyses were conducted using nationally representative data from the 2014 Research on Domestic Violence Against Women in Türkiye. The outcomes affirm the significance of all three approaches, highlighting the value of integrated methodologies for a more profound comprehension of the etiology of domestic violence. This insight is crucial for the development of effective prevention programs. Furthermore, the findings highlight intra-parental violence exposure as the most robust risk factor or predictor for subsequent involvement in violent intimate relationships. As the initial study in Türkiye encompasses early-life experiences, structural inequalities, and the relative resources of couples, this research is poised to contribute significantly to the existing body of literature on domestic violence.

Accessibility of intimate partner violence-related services for young women in Spain. Qualitative study on professionals' perspectives.

INTRODUCTION: Intimate partner violence (IPV) is common among young people, but the use of IPV resources among young adult women and teenagers is limited. This study aims to analyze professionals' perceptions about the main barriers and facilitators encountered by young women (16-29 years old) exposed to intimate partner violence (IPV) when accessing formal services in Spain. METHODS: Qualitative study based on 17 in depth interviews carried out in 2019 with professionals who manage resources for IPV care in Madrid (Spain) from different sectors (social services, health care, security forces, women or youth issues offices, associations). A qualitative content analysis was conducted. RESULTS: The professionals interviewed perceive the following barriers: 1) Time it takes for young women to recognize IPV because the social construction of sexual-affective relationships is permeated by gender inequality; 2) The process of leaving a situation of abuse; 3) Barriers inherent to IPV services. The key aspects to improve access to these resources are related to care services, professional practice, and the young women themselves. CONCLUSIONS: There are both psychosocial barriers, derived from the process of leaving a situation of violence, as well as structural barriers for young women to access and properly use the recognized services specifically aimed at them or comprehensive IPV care. Services need to be tailored to the needs of young women so they can be truly effective in order to escape IPV.

The role of education and income as protective factors against intimate partner violence and HIV exposure among Kenyan women.

Introduction: Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a public health problem that impacts approximately one in three women worldwide in their life-time. The purpose of the study was to explore the lived experiences of women teachers and violence in Kenya. It also explores the intersection between intimate partner violence, HIV risk, and gender inequality. Method: Data were collected through two focus groups of a total of 15 women teachers. We recruited women ages 21-44 from two geographically diverse urban and rural schools. The data were analyzed using a thematic analysis method to identify text themes and meaning patterns. Results: Three contextual experiences emerged: socio-cultural influences of gender norms, masculinity and patriarchy; uneven power dynamics; and institutionalized gender inequality. Discussion: Findings suggest that education alone is not sufficient to end GBV. Comprehensive and gender transformative governmental policy approaches are needed to mitigate GBV in Kenya.

A Systematic Review of Interventions Addressing the Primary Prevention of Violence Against Women With Disability.

Women with disability experience significantly more violence and abuse than their nondisabled peers. Efforts to implement, evaluate, and scale-up strategies to prevent violence against women are rapidly expanding, but we know less about "what works" to prevent violence against women with disability. While secondary and tertiary prevention aim to identify violence early and prevent further occurrence, this review focuses on primary prevention. In the disability services sector, primary prevention is sometimes referred to as safeguarding and covers a range of activities that aim to address the underlying determinants of violence to prevent it from happening in the first place. The aim of this review is to identify and synthesize research on evaluated interventions addressing the primary prevention of violence against women with disability and explore evidence about their quality and effectiveness. A systematic search across the bibliographic databases of Medline, CINAHL, Embase, and PsychInfo for peer-reviewed literature published in English on or after January 1, 2010, yielded 483 papers of potential interest. Twelve studies met the inclusion criteria and were considered for review. Data were extracted and the quality of the studies was assessed using the Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies. Most studies reported outcomes from pre- and post-test research designs and received a weak rating of quality. Although interventions targeting awareness, knowledge, and skill development showed evidence of effectiveness, there is a distinct lack of program development that draws on known risk factors for violence such as the intersection of ableism and gender inequality.

Validez basada en la estructura interna, validez convergente y confiabilidad del Inventario de Dependencia Emocional (IDE) en adultos jóvenes / Validity based on internal structure, convergent validity and reliability of the Emotional Dependency Inventory (IDE) in young adults

La dependencia emocional es un constructo que está generando mayor interés por una parte de la comunidad científica. Por ello, es importante disponer de instrumentos que reúnan propiedades psicométricas adecuadas para su medición. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar las evidencias de validez basado en la estructura interna, validez convergente y medida de confiabilidad del Inventario de Dependencia Emocional (IDE). Participaron 1,401 adultos jóvenes (M =21 años, DE = 2.7; 24.2% varones y 75.8% mujeres), residentes en la ciudad de Lima, Perú. Se usó análisis factorial confirmatorio y medidas de asociación bivariada. Los resultados sugieren que el IDE presenta evidencias de validez de estructura interna para un modelo de siete factores oblicuos; dispone de evidencias de validez basado en la relación con violencia de pareja y satisfacción con la vida; y las dimensiones que la conforman presentan medidas de confiabilidad satisfactorias. Estos hallazgos pueden respaldar el uso del IDE en evaluación e investigación. (AU)

Emotional dependence is a construct that is generating greater interest by a part of the scientific community. For this reason, it is important to have instruments that have adequate psychometric properties for their measurement. The objective of the study was to analyze the evidence of validity based on the internal structure, convergent validity and reliability measure of the Emotional Dependency Inventory (IDE). A total of 1,401 young adults (M = 21 years old, SD = 2.7; 24.2% male and 75.8% female), residing in the city of Lima, Peru, participated. Confirmatory factor analysis and bivariate association measures were used. The results suggest that the IDE presents evidence of internal structure validity for a model of seven oblique factors; it has evidence of validity based on the relationship with intimate partner violence and satisfaction with life; and the dimensions that comprise it present satisfactory reliability measures. These findings may support the use of the IDE in evaluation and research. (AU)

[Ableist obstetric violence against women with disabilities: An integrative literature review]. / Violencia obstétrica capacitista hacia mujeres con discapacidad: Una revisión integradora de la literatura.

Women with disabilities face increased precarity throughout their lives, with one of the most affected areas being their sexual and reproductive health. The aim of this study was to identify and analyze the scientific literature on obstetric violence against women with disabilities. The search was conducted from August to October 2022 in five databases: PubMed, Web of Science, Dialnet, SciELO, and Scopus. A total of 194 articles were retrieved, and after applying selection criteria, ten articles were analyzed. Through thematic analysis, the dimension "ableist obstetric violence towards women with disabilities" emerged. Findings suggest that women with disabilities are marginalized during obstetric care, resulting in untimely attention and cascading interventions. At present, there is scarce literature addressing this phenomenon from a rights-based perspective. Urgent measures are needed to train healthcare teams on the provision of care to people with disabilities. Additionally, it is crucial to critically examine the relationship between healthcare personnel and institutions to women with disabilities within the framework of their sexual and reproductive rights.

Las mujeres con discapacidad se ven enfrentadas a una mayor precariedad a lo largo de sus vidas. Una de las áreas más afectadas es su salud sexual y reproductiva. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar y analizar la literatura sobre violencia obstétrica en mujeres con discapacidad. La búsqueda se realizó durante los meses de agosto a octubre de 2022 en cinco bases de datos: PubMed; Web of Science; Dialnet; SciELO y Scopus. Se recuperaron 194 artículos y luego de aplicar los criterios de selección se analizaron diez artículos. Del análisis temático, emergió la dimensión: "violencia obstétrica capacitista hacia mujeres con discapacidad". Los hallazgos sugieren que las mujeres con discapacidad son invisibilizadas durante la atención obstétrica, lo que genera un cuidado inoportuno e intervenciones en cascada. Existe escasa literatura que aborde el fenómeno desde una perspectiva de derechos. Es urgente contar con equipos de salud aptos para atender a personas con discapacidad, así como también, problematizar el vínculo entre el personal e instituciones de salud y las mujeres con discapacidad en el marco de sus derechos sexuales y reproductivos.

Prevalence and changes of intimate partner violence against women aged 15 to 49 years in 53 low-income and middle-income countries from 2000 to 2021: a secondary analysis of population-based surveys.

BACKGROUND: In low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), intimate partner violence poses a substantial barrier to accomplishing target 5.2 of the Sustainable Development Goals: to eliminate all forms of violence against women and girls. Our study aimed to assess the prevalence and changes of intimate partner violence against women in LMICs. We also explored the association between women's empowerment and intimate partner violence. METHODS: In this secondary analysis of population-based surveys, we obtained data from the nationally representative Demographic and Health Surveys conducted in LMICs between 2000 and 2021. We selected countries with available data on the domestic violence module, and women aged 15 to 49 years who currently or formerly had a husband or partner, and who had provided information about intimate partner violence, were included in the analysis. We first estimated the weighted prevalence of intimate partner violence in LMICs with available data, and then we assessed the average annual rate of change using Poisson regression with robust error variance in a subset of countries with at least two surveys. We used multilevel analysis to investigate the association between intimate partner violence and women's empowerment measured at both the country and individual levels. Country-level empowerment was measured by gender inequality index, while individual-level empowerment considered social independence, decision making, and attitude to violence. FINDINGS: A total of 359 479 women aged 15 to 49 years were included from 53 LMICs. 336 811 women from 21 countries with two surveys provided data for assessing the trends of intimate partner violence. The weighted prevalence of any type of intimate partner violence was 37·2% (95% CI 36·6 to 37·8). A significant overall decline in the prevalence of any type of intimate partner violence was observed with an average annual rate of change of -0·2% (95% CI -0·4 to -0·03); however six countries showed significant increasing trends, with average annual rates of change ranging from 1·2% (95% CI 0·7 to 1·7) in Nigeria to 6·6% (5·3 to 7·8) in Sierra Leone. Notably, the prevalence of psychological intimate partner violence has risen (average annual rate of change, 2·3% [95% CI 2·1 to 2·6]), reflected in increased rates across eight countries. Higher levels of country-level women's empowerment were associated with a lower risk of intimate partner violence: women from countries with the highest tertile of gender inequality index had an increased odds of any type of intimate partner violence (odds ratio 1·58 [95% CI 1·12 to 2·23]). Similarly, better individual-level women's empowerment also showed significant associations with a lower risk of intimate partner violence. INTERPRETATION: The prevalence of intimate partner violence remains high, and some countries have shown an increasing trend. The strong relationship between both country-level and individual-level women's empowerment and the prevalence of intimate partner violence suggests that accelerating women's empowerment could be one strategy to further reduce intimate partner violence against women. FUNDING: National Natural Science Foundation; Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University; and Sanming Project of Medicine in Shenzhen.

The Protective Effects of Parent-Child Emotion Dialogues for Preschoolers Exposed to Intimate Partner Violence.

Exposure to intimate partner violence (IPV) during early childhood is associated with self-regulation difficulties. Caregivers can facilitate children's self-regulation through emotion-focused conversations about past experiences, buffering downstream effects. However, caregivers experiencing violence may avoid distressing emotions activated by such conversations. This paper explores two different models of relational stress responses, one involving indirect effects (i.e. spillover effects) and the other moderation (i.e. buffering effects). Mothers (n = 117), oversampled for violence exposure, self-reported on IPV and participated in an emotional reminiscing task with children (aged 3-5 years); narratives were coded for maternal sensitive guidance. Maternal sensitive guidance was related to children's self-regulation. Sensitive guidance did not have indirect effects in the association between IPV exposure and children's self-regulation, but did buffer the association between physical IPV and self-regulation; this pattern did not hold for psychological IPV. Results suggest sensitive guidance during reminiscing may promote self-regulation in contexts of high IPV.

Intimate partner violence and malnutrition among women of reproductive age in Western Africa: A geostatistical analysis.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a public health issue, and the experience varies among population sub-groups in Africa. In the West African sub-region, IPV perpetrated against women remains high and is exacerbated by the pertaining cultural milieu. It affects women's health, wellbeing, and nutritional status. We examined the association between women's lifetime experiences of physical, sexual, and emotional IPV and undernutrition by quantifying the association at smaller geographical settings in West African countries. We used a bivariate probit geostatistical technique to explore the association between IPV and undernutrition, combining data from the latest Demographic and Health Survey conducted in ten Western African countries. Bayesian inference relies on Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation. The findings demonstrate spatial clustering in the likelihood of experiencing IPV and being underweight in the regions of Mali, Sierra Leone, Liberia and neighboring Cote d'Ivoire, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Cameroon, and Nigeria. The pattern of clustering was somewhat similar when physical violence was combined with underweight and emotional violence combined with underweight. The findings also indicate protective effects of education, wealth status, employment status, urban residence, and exposure to mass media. Further, the likelihood of experiencing IPV and the likelihood of being underweight or thin declined with age and age-gap between the woman and her partner. The findings provide insight into the location-specific variations that can aid targeted interventions, and underscore the importance of empowering women holistically, in the domains of education, socio-economic and socio-cultural empowerment, in addressing women's vulnerability to IPV and malnutrition (underweight and thinness). Furthermore, IPV prevention programmes will need to address gender inequality and cultural factors such as male dominance that may heighten women's risk of experiencing IPV.

A Missing Piece? Men and the Puzzle of Gender Mainstreaming in the European Union.

In its early uptake and sweeping application of gender mainstreaming, the European Union (EU) sits in the vanguard. However, bringing a gender perspective to bear on policy has proven a stubborn challenge. Drawing on Bacchi's "What's the Problem Represented to Be?" approach and her conceptualization of policies as gendering practices, I critically interrogate how men have been implicated in the problem of gender inequality via policy discourse in the EU. I focus on violence against women/gender-based violence and gender inequalities in education. Analysis of these two issues serves to highlight some of the interpretive limits to the problem of gender inequality in the EU and likely beyond. The discursive elusiveness of men works to keep much of the workings of gender power obscured. Such discounting of "the man question" signals a significant misstep that undercuts gender mainstreaming's transformative prospects.

Changes in the Correlates for Intimate Partner Violence Against Women in Vietnam: Evidence From the 2010 and 2019 National Prevalence Surveys.

This study sought to understand whether the risk and protective factors associated with current partner violence changed in Vietnam using findings from two comparable surveys conducted in 2010 and 2019. Fifteen (2010) and 17 (2019) factors were significantly associated with violence, and the level of consistency was high-nonpartner sexual violence, respondent and partner prior abuse, men's expressions of masculinity, and indicators of low economic status continue to put women at risk. Gender-transformative approaches that address power inequalities, foster positive parenting, and promote the political and social influence of women are required and should be adapted to the Vietnam context.

The influences of sociocultural norms on women's decision to disclose intimate partner violence: Integrative review.

Sociocultural norms against women can contribute to promoting intimate partner violence (IPV) and shape women's decision to disclose IPV. A cross-cultural analysis of the existing literature is needed to present an overview of the influences of sociocultural norms on women's decisions regarding the disclosure of IPV across different cultural contexts. The purpose of the review was to synthesize published quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods (MMs) studies to identify known sociocultural norms across different cultures that may influence women's decision to disclose IPV. The Whittemore and Knafl framework, Rayyan software, and PRISMA flow diagram were used. Databases included APA PsycInfo, CINAHL, PubMed, SocINDEX, and Women's Studies International. The quality of studies was assessed by the MMs appraisal tool. A total of 15 research articles written in English and published in peer-reviewed journals were included. Main categories emerged: (1) stigma surrounding IPV disclosure, victimization, and divorce; (2) gender roles; (3) preserving family honor; and (4) Children's well-being and future. A one-size-fits-all approach is not adequate for women who are considering disclosing IPV. Findings underscore that regardless of residing in individualistic countries, those sociocultural norms related to traditional gender roles and gender inequality are still important barriers to the disclosure of IPV among women with collectivist roots.

Feminicide in Cali Colombia: Aview from public health / Feminicidio en Cali Colombia: Una mirada desde la salud pública / Feminicídio em Cali Colômbia: Uma visão da saúde pública

Introduction:In most cases, violence against women is committed by their partners or ex-partners and this violence is a global public health problem that almost always ends in their death. Femicide is understood as the murder of a woman just for the fact of being a female individual, perpetuating gender inequality. Objective:To analyze femicide in Cali from its epidemiological characterization. Materials and methods:A descriptive population-based study was carried out using secondary sources that included 287 recordsof violent deaths of women. 53 cases between 2017 and 2019 were identified and analyzed, which were investigated and classified as femicide by the Crimes Against Women Unit of the Prosecutor's Office. The epidemiological characterization was conducted based on the information provided, which was useful to identify the study variables: age, method, place of occurrence, imprisonment of perpetrator, and sentence. Results:Femicide occurred between the ages of 9 and 89, with stabbing being the most commonly used killing method. A conviction was executed only in 18.9% of the total cases. Conclusions: Femicide occurs at any age and has a high impunity degree mostly because of an ineffective judicial system.

Introducción: En la mayoría de ocasiones, la violencia contra la mujer, es cometida por su pareja o expareja, siendo un problema de salud pública mundial que casi siempre termina en un feminicidio. Este se entiende como el asesinato de una mujer por el hecho de serlo, perpetuando la inequidad de género.Objetivo: Visibilizar el feminicidio en Cali a partir de su caracterización epidemiológica.Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de base poblacional de fuentes secundarias, a partir de 287 registros de muertes violentas en mujeres, de los cuales se identificaron y analizaron 53 casos atendidos en la unidad devida de delitos contra la mujer de la Fiscalía entre el 2017 al 2019, tipificados como feminicidio. La caracterización epidemiológica se realizó con base en la información suministrada que permitió identificar las variables de estudio: edad, mecanismo, lugar de ocurrencia, medida de aseguramiento del victimario y sentencia.Resultados: El feminicidio se presentó entre los 9 y 89 años, el mecanismo más utilizado fue el arma corto punzante. Sólo en el 18,9% se ha dictado sentencia condenatoria.Conclusiones: El feminicidio se presenta en cualquier edad, tiene un alto grado de impunidad en muchas ocasiones por la ineficiencia del sistema judicial.

Introdução: Na maioria das vezes, a violência contra a mulher é cometida pelo companheiro ou ex-parceiro, tratando-se de um problema de saúde pública mundial que quase sempre culmina em feminicídio. Isso é entendido como o assassinato de uma mulher pelo fato de ser uma delas, perpetuando a desigualdade de gênero. Objetivo:Tornar visível o feminicídio em Cali a partir de sua caracterização epidemiológica. Materiais e métodos:Foi realizado um estudo descritivo de base populacional de fontes secundárias, a partir de 287 registros de mortes violentas de mulheres, dos quais foram identificados e analisados 53 casos, atendidos na unidade de vida por crimes contra a mulher da denúncia publica (fiscalia) entre 2017 e 2019, classificados como feminicídio. A caracterização epidemiológica foi realizada com base nas informações prestadas que permitiram identificar as variáveis do estudo: idade, mecanismo, local de ocorrência, medida de segurança do agressor e pena. Resultados:O feminicídio ocorreu entre as idades de 9e 89 anos, o mecanismo mais utilizado foi arma branca. Apenas em 18,9% houve condenação. Conclusões:O feminicídio ocorre em qualquer idade, tem alto grau de impunidade em muitas ocasiões devido à ineficiência do sistema judicial.

Working from home and intimate partner violence among cis-women during the COVID-19 pandemic: evidence from a global, cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Intimate partner violence (IPV) may have been exacerbated during the COVID-19 pandemic. This analysis aimed to determine how employment disruption during COVID-19, including working from home, was associated with IPV experience among cis-gendered women. METHODS: The International Sexual Health and Reproductive health (I-SHARE) study is a cross-sectional online survey implemented in 30 countries during the pandemic. Samples used convenience, online panel, and population-representative methods. IPV was a pre-specified primary outcome, measured using questions from a validated World Health Organisation instrument. Conditional logistic regression modelling was used to quantify the associations between IPV and changes to employment during COVID-19, adjusted for confounding. RESULTS: 13,416 cis-gender women, aged 18-97, were analysed. One third were from low and middle income countries, and two thirds from high income countries. The majority were heterosexual (82.7%), educated beyond secondary-level (72.4%) and childless (62.7%). During COVID-19 33.9% women worked from home, 14.6% lost employment, and 33.1% continued to work on-site. 15.5% experienced some form of IPV. Women working from home experienced greater odds of IPV than those working on-site (adjusted OR 1.40, 95% CI 1.12-1.74, p = 0.003). This finding was robust independent of sampling strategy and country income. The association was primarily driven by an increase in psychological violence, which was more prevalent than sexual or physical violence. The association was stronger in countries with high gender inequality. CONCLUSIONS: Working from home may increase IPV risk globally. Workplaces offering working from home should collaborate with support services and research interventions to strengthen resiliency against IPV.

Comentario del caso clínico "Un barril sin fondo" / Clinical case comment "A bottomless barrel" / Commentaire de cas clinique "Un tonneau sans fond" / Comentário de caso clínico "Um barril sem fundo"

Niño de 10 años por el que consultan a causa de mentiras, "actitudes manipuladoras" y trastornos alimenticios, manifestaciones vivenciadas como "inmanejables" por su entorno familiar, a su vez caracterizado por confusión de roles, escasa posibilidad de regulación de lo pulsional y modos de vinculación violentos e ineficaces en cuanto a la puesta de límites. Concebido desde la fantasmática materna para empoderarla frente a su propia madre, él mismo, identificado con lo demoníaco, manifiesta desear que "le cambien las cosas que hace mal". Fue un tratamiento llevado a cabo en el contexto del primer año de pandemia (ASPO) en el que la analista, ofertó un espacio de virtualidad que posibilitó un vínculo transferencial en el cual el niño armó juego, y le fue posible ir abandonando las identificaciones que lo enlazaban a lo demoníaco, para poder comenzar a vivir con deseos propios AU

A 10-year old boy is being consultedfor his lying, "manipulative behaviors," and eating disorders, which are experienced as "unmanageable" by his family environment. His family is characterized by role confusion, a lack of ability to regulate impulses, and violent and ineffective modes ofsetting limits.The boy was conceived from his mother's fantasy to empower her against her own mother. He himself, identified with the demonic, expresses a desire to "change the things he does wrong."The treatment was carried out during the first year of the pandemic (ASPO), in which the analyst offered a virtual space that enabled a transference relationship in which the boy played games and was able to gradually abandon the identifications that linked him to the demonic, in order to begin to live with hisown desires AU

Je reÒ«ois en consultation un enfant de dix ans à cause de ses mensonges, ses "attitudes manipulatrices" et ses troubles alimentaires, des manifestations vécues comme "ingérables" par son entourage, qui se caractérise à la fois par une confusion des rôles, une faible possibilité de régulation de la force pulsionnelle, et des modes violents pour établir des liens et inefficaces pour mettre des límites.ConÒ«u dans la perspective fanstasmatique maternelle pour devenir puissante face à sa propre mère, l'enfant, identifié à ce qui est démoniaque, exprime lui-même son désir qu'"on lui changeles choses qu'il fait mal".Ce traitement a été réalisé dans le contexte de la première année de la pandémie (ASPOI/Isolement social préventif obligatoire), où l'analyste a proposé un espace de virtualité rendant possible un lien tranférentiel, dans lequel l'enfant s'est livré au jeu et a pu abandonner peu à peu les identifications qui le reliaient aux idées démoniaques, pour pouvoir commencer à vivre avec ses désirs à lui AU

Criança de 10 años que é levada à consulta devido a mentiras, "atitudes manipuladoras" e distúrbios alimentares, manifestações vivenciadas como "incontroláveis" por seu ambiente familiar, por sua vez caracterizado por confusão de papéis, escassa possibilidade de regulação do pulsional e modos de vinculação violentos e ineficazes quanto à imposição de límites. Concebido a partir da fantasmática materna para empoderá-la diante de sua própria mãe, ele próprio, identificado com o demoníaco, manifesta desejar que "as coisas que faz mal sejam mudadas". Foi um tratamento realizado no contexto do primeiro ano de pandemia (ASPO) no qual a analista ofereceu um espaço virtual que possibilitou um vínculo transferencial no qual a criança montou um jogo e lhe foi possível ir abandonando as identificações que o ligavam ao demoníaco, para poder começar a viver com desejos próprios AU

Educação alimentar e nutricional em casa: a experiência do ensino remoto na escola pública em município paraibano / Food and nutrition education at home: the experience of carrying out activities in the remote teaching in public school in paraiban municipality / Educación alimentaria y nutricional en casa: la experiencia de realizar actividades en el modelo a distancia en la escuela pública del municipio paraibán

Introdução:Às medidas de segurança da COVID-19 direcionaram a adoção do modelo remoto de ensino, inclusive para ações de extensão universitária realizadas no ambiente escolar. A extensão contribui para a promoção da saúde ao abordar temas como a Educação Alimentar eNutricional. Objetivo:O objetivo deste trabalho é relatar a experiência da extensão universitária e a adaptação de ações de Educação Alimentar e Nutricional ao modelo remoto, com escolares de ensino fundamental do interior da Paraíba em 2020. Metodologia:O projeto "#Tecnologias da Informação e da Comunicação: Educação Alimentar e Nutricional em Casa" foi realizado com escolares do ensino infantil ao 5º ano de uma escola pública de Cuité, Paraíba. Utilizou-se o whatsapp como ferramenta para as atividadesbaseadas no incentivo a brincadeiras com movimentação física, o desenvolvimento cognitivo, os vínculos intergeracionais e a alimentação de baixo custo. Foram desenvolvidas 12 ações, adaptadas à idade escolar e de fácil execução no domicílio, através de vídeos explicativos, plataforma de jogos e atividades impressas. Resultados:Observou-se os desafios: desigualdade no acesso à internet, fragilidade na manutenção do vínculo entre a equipe universitária com a comunidade escolar, sobrecarga dos professores e diversos contextos no ambiente familiar como, por exemplo, a vulnerabilidade social e violência doméstica. Conclusão:Contudo, é possível a realização da extensão universitária no modelo remoto a partir da diversificação de estratégias e ferramentas digitais, apesar dos desafios enfrentados para manter o vínculo entre equipe universitária-comunidade escolar (AU).

Introduction:Security measures against COVID-19 led to the adoption of a remote teaching model, including university extension actions carried out in the school environment. The extension contributes to health promotion by addressing topics such as Food and Nutrition Education. Objective:This study aims to report the experience of a university extension and the adaptation of Food and Nutrition Education actions to the remote model applied to elementary school students from the interior of Paraíba in 2020. Methodology:The "#Information and Communication Technologies: Food and Nutrition Education at Home" project was carried out among elementary school students in the fifth grade of a public school in Cuité, Paraíba. Whatsapp was used as a tool for activities that involved encouraging play with physical movement, cognitive development, intergenerational bonds, and low-cost food. Twelve actions were developed and were adapted for school-age students. They were made easy to perform at home through explanatory videos, game platforms, and printed activities.Results:Challenges were observed in terms of unequal internet access, weakness in maintaining the connection betweenthe university team and the school community, overload of teachers, and different contexts in the family environment such as social vulnerability and domestic violence. Conclusions:Despite the challenges faced in maintaining the connection in the university­school community team, it is possible to carry out university extensions in the remote model based on the diversification of digital strategies and tools (AU).

ntroducción:Las medidas de seguridad del COVID-19 orientaron la adopción del modelo de enseñanza a distancia, incluso para acciones de extensión universitaria realizadas en el ámbito escolar. La extensión contribuye a la promoción de la salud al abordar temas como laEducación Alimentaria y Nutricional. Objetivo:El objetivo de este trabajo es relatar la experiencia de extensión universitaria y la adaptación de las acciones de la Educación Alimentaria y Nutricional al modelo a distancia, con estudiantes de enseñanza básica del interior de Paraíba en 2020.Metodología:El proyecto "#Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación: Educación Alimentaria y Nutricional en Casa" fue realizado con alumnos de jardín de infantes a 5o grado de una escuela pública de Cuité, Paraíba. Se utilizó WhatsApp como herramienta para realizar actividades basadas en fomentar el juego con el movimiento físico, el desarrollo cognitivo, los vínculos intergeneracionales y la comida a bajo costo. Se desarrollaron 12 acciones, adaptadas a la edadescolar y fáciles de realizar en casa, através de videos explicativos, una plataforma de juegos y actividades impresas. Resultados:Se observaron desafíos: desigualdad en el acceso a internet, fragilidad en el mantenimiento del vínculo entre el equipo universitario y la comunidad escolar, sobrecarga de docentes y diversos contextos en el entorno familiar, como vulnerabilidad social y violencia intrafamiliar. Conclusiones:Sin embargo, es posible realizar la extensión universitaria en el modelo a distancia a partir de la diversificación de estrategias y herramientas digitales, a pesar de los desafíos que se enfrentan para mantener el vínculo entre el equipo universitario y la comunidad escolar (AU).

Intimate partner violence linked to gambling: cohort and period effects on the past experiences of older women.

BACKGROUND: Problem gambling increases the risk of experiencing intimate partner violence (IPV). People impacted by gambling-related IPV face distinctive challenges, and these may be compounded by intersections with gender, generational influences and contextual factors. This study explored the past experiences of older women affected by male partner violence linked to gambling, and how these were shaped by cohort and period effects and problem gambling. Cohort effects are the generational characteristics of a group born at a particular time, while period effects relate to prevailing external conditions at the time of the abuse, including laws, services and practices. METHODS: A larger study exploring the nature of the relationship between problem gambling and IPV recruited 72 women through help services and advertising. The current study analysed a subset of interviews with 22 women aged 50 years or over. We analysed the data using adaptive grounded theory to explore the intersection between IPV, gambling, and cohort and period effects. RESULTS: Cohort effects on the women's experiences of IPV included gendered attitudes, traditional views of marriage, silence surrounding IPV, reticence to disclose the abuse, and little understanding of problem gambling. These influences deterred women from questioning their partner's gambling, and to instead keep the gambling and abuse hidden. Many women did not recognise abuse linked to gambling as IPV, since gambling was considered a normal, harmless pastime. Having a gambling problem exacerbated violence and coercive control by male partners as traditional gender norms supported male authority over their female partner. Women with a gambling problem sometimes felt they deserved the abuse. Period effects included a lack of IPV and gambling services, gendered service responses, failure to prioritise the women's safety, and no consideration by services of the role of gambling in the abuse. CONCLUSION: Reducing gender inequality is critical to reduce male partner violence towards women. Women impacted by gambling-related IPV, including the legacy of past abuse, need service responses that recognise all forms of abuse, understand the historical and contextual factors that exacerbate it, and recognise how gambling can amplify IPV. A reduction in problem gambling is needed to reduce gambling-related IPV.

Palestinian law to protect family and prevent violence: challenges with public opinion.

The Palestinian Family Protection Law was submitted for ratification in November 2020 after much collaboration between advocates, attorneys and governmental officials, as well as community and international organizations. The draft bill addresses a myriad of social issues affecting vulnerable populations in the West Bank of Palestine, including: the legal age for marriage; gender inequality in inheritance; divorce; gender-based violence; and domestic violence. However, immediate feedback from local religious scholars, with increasing pressure from the general Palestinian population, was deeply divided, with negative perceptions relating to the perceived 'foreign' nature of the regulations and criticism that the law was not in accordance with Palestinian culture and Islamic Law. This criticism led to two years of inactivity regarding the bill. The current study sought to evaluate the attitudes, behavior and beliefs regarding the underlying human rights issues and assumptions concerning gender, marriage, and domestic violence that could be found in the codices of the proposed legislation as well as among the general population of Palestine. The data demonstrates that the population sampled viewed the underlying premise of the Family Protection Bill negatively. Individuals with a graduate degree or above tended to view the bill with less negativity, whilst females viewed the bill more positively than males. The results of this study illustrate that, with regard to legislation that relates to family life in Palestine, there is a wide gap between the points of view held by human rights advocates and NGO's and those held by the general population. To further the agenda of family protection community education relating to social issues, the fundamentals of Sharia law and national sovereignty may be needed so as to clarify the core Islamic beliefs in relation to human rights and oppression, as well as to increase Palestinian ownership of the family protection agenda.

The Polish Variant of Patriarchy? Explaining the Relationship Between Gender Inequality and Violence Against Women in Poland.

The largest European victimization survey of violence against women (VAW), has revealed an interesting paradox: countries with the highest gender equality indices had the highest VAW indices, while countries with low gender equality, also had low VAW indices. The country with the lowest VAW rates was Poland. This article attempts to explain this paradox. First, the results of the FRA study regarding Poland and its methodological issues are described. As these explanations may prove insufficient, it is necessary to recourse to sociological theories of VAW, together with analyses of the sociocultural roles of women, and gender relations since the communist period (1945-1989). The key question is whether the Polish variant of the patriarchy is more respectful toward women than Western European gender equality.

Women's and Men's Status: Revisiting the Relationship Between Gender Equality and Intimate Partner Violence Against Women in Europe.

The first European Union Survey on Violence against Women (EU-VAW) released in 2014 revealed the unexpected result indicating that the world's most egalitarian countries have relatively high rates of Intimate Partner Violence Against Women (IPVAW). This phenomenon, referred to as the "Nordic Paradox," revived a heated, intermittently ongoing discussion dating back four decades where several competing hypotheses about the relationship between gender inequality and IPVAW have been proposed, but no consensus has been reached. The main aim of this paper is to revisit the most important of such hypotheses proposed in the last four decades, while proposing a new one that could potentially throw some light on understanding the "Nordic Paradox." Multilevel linear regression models are estimated using data from the EU-VAW survey conducted in 2012, and an alternative operationalization of the Gender Equality Index (GEI) (our measure of gender equality). We did not find any significant effect of gender equality on IPVAW repetition. However, we found that higher country-level status of women and men go together with less IPVAW, with a larger effect of women's status in economic domains compared to the impact of men's economic status, and a larger effect of men's overall status. These findings support the Marxist feminist hypothesis, stating that women's absolute status in the economic and labor domain is critical in lessening IPVAW, as women's real and potential access to resources is key for leaving a violent relationship. At the same time, our results support the "male privilege protection" hypothesis, which states that gains in women's status in certain domains-such as in the economic sphere considering our results for the European Union-would not suppose a threat to men, allowing ameliorative effects. In contrast, if the overall status of men is threatened, backlash effects would be triggered.